Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity evaluation of Crocus sativus stigmas in neonates of nursing mice

Background: Crocus sativus, known as saffron crocus, is best known for the spice saffron. Saffron use spans more than 3500 years, however, its toxicity on neonates during lactation has not yet evaluated. Objectives: This study was aimed to examine the acute toxicity of saffron on adult mice and its nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity on neonates of lactating mothers that used saffron during lactation. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, following acute toxicity evaluation, 32 pregnant mice were randomly designated into four equal groups. Following delivery, the mothers of groups 1 to 4 were administered orally (by gavage) normal saline (control group), 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg/day of saffron for three weeks, respectively. The newborns’ kidney and liver parameters were assessed at the end of the study for possible nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity evaluation. The kidney and liver tissue samples of newborns were histopathologically studied after staining with Hematoxylin & Eosin. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Scheffe’s tests Results: The LD50 value of saffron was calculated to be 4120±556 mg/kg in mice. To evaluate lactating toxicity, saffron was administered orally to the mothers once daily for 21 days, after delivery, during lactating period. Saffron increased serum urea nitrogen (p< 0.05). Histological studies indicated that saffron did not have any toxic effect on liver, however, histopathology changes were seen in the kidney of neonates. Conclusions: From the results of present study, it might be concluded that saffron is a nearly safe spice, however, nursing mothers should avoid high doses of this spice. © 2014, Society of Diabetic Nephropathy Prevention. All rights reserved

Silymarin and diabetic nephropathy.

Nephropathy is one of the most important complications of diabetes mellitus and drug induced toxicity. Nephrotoxicity is mostly related to oxidative stress and nowadays much attention has been made towards the possible kidney protective properties of medicinal plants. Studies revealed, silymarin is useful for diabetic nephropathy. The combination of metformin, silymarin and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers may have additive kidney protective property to prevent or slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy

Plants antioxidants: From laboratory to clinic

Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Eating whole vegetables, fruits and grains, which all are rich in antioxidants, provides protection against most of oxidative stress induced diseases, however, this does not mean that antioxidants will prevent or fix the problem, especially not when they are taken out of their natural context. It should be noted that although the results of the studies are inconclusive, but most of the studies conducted till now have had limitations due to their relatively short duration and conducting on patients with existing diseases. © 2013, Society of Diabetic Nephropathy Prevention. All rights reserved

Prophylactic activity of cyproheptadine and Bellergal on migraine headache

Background: A wide range of preventive medications for migraine attacks, with varying efficacy is currently in use. Studies comparing the efficacies of these drugs would be of value in the proper treatment of the disease. The present study compared the frequency, duration and intensity of migraine attacks during and following treatment with cyproheptadine (4 mg, twice daily) or Blellergal (belladonna 0.1 mg, ergotamine 0.3 mg and phenobarbital 20 mg). Methods: 118 patients 15 to 45 year-old with migraine headaches were randomly allocated to groups I (n=36), II (n=40) and III (n=42) and treated during three consecutive phases of 45 days. In phase one all groups received two oral placebo tablets daily. In phase two, group I continued with placebo, groups II and III received cyproheptadine (4 mg, twice daily) and Bellergal (three tablets daily), and finally, in phase three all groups were treated with placebo, respectively. Results: Cyproheptadine and Bellergal treatments significantly reduced the frequency, duration and intensity of migraine attacks. These parameters remained low during phase three (placebo) in cyproheptadine treated patients as compared to those who only received placebo. But there was a rebound effect following discontinuation of Bellergal. Conclusion: Cyproheptadine and Bellergal seem to preventive migraine attacks. Cyproheptadine is a preferred choice because its effects were partially preserved following withdrawal

Serum anti-hepatitis B surface antigen in hemodialysis patients.

To evaluate the immune response to hepatitis B vaccination in stable hemodialysis (HD) patients, a retro-prospective investigation was conducted on 68 HD patients. Participants were vaccinated against hepatitis B virus with an intramuscular hepatitis B vaccination schedule, 40 micrograms at 0, 1, and 6 months. The serum antibody level against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs) in HD patients was 35±55. In this study, no significant differences of Anti-HBs antibody between diabetic and non-diabetics or male and female subjects were observed. There were not any significant correlation between antibody against HBs-Ag and serum albumin. There was not significant correlation between anti-HBs antibody and age, proportion of HD, duration of HD or dialysis efficacy. In this study, there was not significant correlation between serum antibody level against hepatitis B surface antigen and some demographic indices of HD patients, however, these findings need to re-test in other centers with more participants

Platelet counts and mean platelet volume in association with serum magnesium in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

INTRODUCTION Platelet dysfunction is responsible for increased bleeding tendency of chronic renal failure patients. Magnesium (Mg) retention can occur in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. OBJECTIVES Studies concerning the impact of magnesium disturbances on platelet counts and mean volume in hemodialysis are quiet scarce. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 36 (f= 15, m= 21), HD patients were included. The mean patients' age was 46 (±16) years. The mean length of time patients had received hemodialysis was 32 (±36) (median: 19) months. RESULTS The mean platelet count was 165 (±70) (median: 163) [x10(3)μ/L]. The mean platelet volume was 9 (±1) (median: 9.2) fl. The mean Mg was 9.2 ±1.4 (median: 2.4) mg/dl. In this study a significant inverse correlation of platelet count with mean platelet volume (r= -0.39, p= 0.017) was seen. A significant inverse correlation of serum Magnesium with mean platelet volume (r= -0.37, p= 0.025) was seen. There was not significant association of serum Mg and PLT count was found too (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION A significant inverse correlation of serum Magnesium with mean platelet volume needs further investigations to clarify the clinical significance of this finding